| BBC News | Health | Medical notes | World Edition |
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BBC Medical Notes: health resources archive with A-Z on medical topics and in-depth reports on cancer, heart disease and strokes, plus NHS ratings.
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Achalasia
08/07/2009 09:42 AM
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Achalasia is a rare motility disorder of the oesophagus, commonly known as the gullet.
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Acne
03/09/2006 12:41 PM
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Acne is an inflammatory skin condition that causes spots.
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Age-related macular degeneration
08/05/2008 07:39 AM
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness. It is just one form of macular disease, which affects the eye's retina.
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Alcohol
08/09/2000 07:17 AM
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William Hague's boast that he once drank 14 pints of beer a day may impress some voters - but probably not his doctor.
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Alzheimer's and dementia
12/22/2008 05:11 AM
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Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative and irreversible brain disorder that causes intellectual impairment, disorientation and eventually death and is the most common cause of dementia.
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Amnesia
02/08/2003 10:43 AM
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Memory loss or amnesia is usually temporary and it can be triggered by both psychological and physical trauma.
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Anabolic steroids
12/14/2007 06:36 AM
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Anabolic steroids can boost sporting performance - but at a serious cost to long-term health.
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Anaemia
02/08/2003 10:43 AM
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Anaemia, or lack of red blood cells, is a very common medical problem.
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Anaphylactic shock
02/08/2003 10:43 AM
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The facts about peanut allergy and other forms of anaphylactic shock
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Anaesthesia
05/02/2006 11:00 AM
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Anaesthesia is a key part of the preparation for any operation.
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Ankylosing spondylitis
06/07/1999 08:29 AM
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Ankylosing spondylitis is a disease which causes progressive stiffening of the spine, and which, if left untreated, can cripple sufferers.
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Antibiotics
11/05/1999 03:12 PM
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Superbugs are becoming more common - and some doctors fear they herald the end of the age of antibiotics. BBC News Online looks at the problems facing the 20th century's greatest medical advance.
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Anti-coagulants
10/26/2000 07:51 AM
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Anti-coagulants are prescribed to millions of people to treat and prevent the life-threatening effects of a clot blocking a blood vessel.
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Anthrax
02/08/2003 10:43 AM
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Anthrax is a rare infection which, in its most severe forms, is likely to prove fatal.
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Anxiety disorder
12/20/2000 05:06 AM
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Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental illlnesses in the UK and cover everything from panic attacks to post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Arsenic poisoning
09/27/1999 12:33 PM
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Arsenic is known best as a deadly poison, although in small doses it does have medical benefits. BBC News Online looks at the workings of the chemical made most famous through detective fiction.
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Arthritis
04/11/2003 11:21 AM
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Arthritis is a very common medical condition, estimated to affect around seven million people in the UK.
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Asbestos disease
02/08/2003 10:43 AM
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Over 3,000 people a year die from asbestos diseases in the UK and the number is set to treble by 2020. Diseases include cancer of the lining of the chest and lungs. Only 25% of those who develop this cancer are still alive a year after diagnosis.
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Asperger syndrome
08/25/2009 07:27 AM
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Asperger syndrome is a form of autism which often manifests in "eccentric" behaviour rather than pronounced and obvious disability.
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Asthma
01/08/2004 08:06 AM
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This long-term condition is relatively easy to control yet it is responsible for 180,000 deaths a year.
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Autism
03/03/2005 04:56 AM
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Research suggests levels of autism have increased by ten-fold over the last decade. BBC News Online examines a perplexing condition.
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Baby breathing difficulties
02/14/2000 06:10 AM
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Apnoea attack, or near cot death, occurs when a baby stops breathing for a few seconds. It affects around 500 babies a year.
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Bird flu
01/10/2008 02:51 PM
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The BBC News website looks at bird flu - and the fears it could spread between humans.
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Biliary Atresia
02/08/2003 10:45 AM
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Around 50 children are born with biliary atresia every year in England and Wales. The condition affects the liver and is potentially fatal if not operated on early.
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Binswanger's disease
04/12/1999 02:12 PM
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Lawyers acting for Edgar Pearce - the Mardi Gra bomber - have claimed he suffers from Binswanger's disease, a rare form of dementia that can change the way people think.
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
01/31/2000 07:43 AM
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A Scottish hospital has launched an inquiry after a surgeon agreed to remove healthy limbs from patients suffering from a psychological disorder. BBC News Online looks at the condition.
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Boxing
09/24/1999 07:20 AM
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Many doctors see boxing as an unacceptably dangerous sport - the BMA would like to see it banned.
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Cannabis
02/08/2003 10:45 AM
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Opinion is sharply divided over whether cannabis should be legalised for medicinal use.
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Cataracts
03/17/2006 12:22 PM
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One in three people over the age of 65 has a cataract. Left untreated cataracts can significantly impair vision.
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Cerebral aneurism
02/08/2003 10:45 AM
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An aneurism is a dilation, or swelling, of a blood vessel (where part of the vein or artery inflates like a balloon).
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Cholera
05/08/2003 05:22 AM
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Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by a bacteria - and is often linked to contaminated supplies of drinking water.
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Cleft lip and palate
11/28/2003 12:26 PM
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A baby which was abandoned by its parents in Portugal was identified partly through a distinctive cleft upper lip. BBC News Online looks at the condition.
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Coeliac disease
03/06/2003 12:06 PM
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Coeliac disease is a gut disorder which can strike at any age.
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Collapsed lung
02/08/2003 10:45 AM
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A collapsed lung prevents the sufferer from absorbing life-giving oxygen into the blood stream in the normal way.
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COPD (respiratory disease)
03/14/2006 12:05 PM
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Scientists are developing a treatment for a form of lung disease which is one of the UK's biggest killers.
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Crohn's disease
05/20/2008 10:44 AM
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Information on the inflammatory gut disorder Crohn's disease.
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Cystic fibrosis
07/28/2003 11:46 AM
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Cystic fibrosis is an life-threatening inherited genetic disease.
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Deep vein thrombosis
02/08/2003 10:45 AM
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Deep vein thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in one of the deep veins of the body, usually in the leg.
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Depression
12/20/2000 05:06 AM
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Depression is a common mental illness which is estimated to affect up to one in five Britons at some point in their lifetime. Famous sufferers include Sir Winston Churchill.
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Diabetes
02/09/1999 01:51 PM
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The hormonal condition diabetes is on the increaseas people lead increasingly unhealthy lifestyles. If untreated it can cause very serious health problems.
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Dioxins
06/03/1999 11:22 AM
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Dioxins are present everywhere and are known to be a serious heath threat - BBC News Online looks at the facts.
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Diverticular disease
06/03/2009 11:25 AM
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Diverticular disease is a condition which occurs when pouches of tissue, commonly known as diverticula, pass through the muscular layer of the bowel.
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Down's syndrome
04/01/2001 10:43 AM
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Down's syndrome is a genetic condition which affects about one in every 1,000 babies born in the UK.
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Drugs
09/14/1999 10:38 AM
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The arrival of recreational drugs has created an explosion in use. BBC News Online looks at the major illegal drugs.
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Dysentery
12/30/2004 06:52 AM
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Dysentery, an infection of the digestive system, can kill if not treated.
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Dystonia
06/25/2007 09:36 AM
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Dystonia is an incurable neurological movement disorder thought to affect at least 40,000 in the UK alone.
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E. coli infection
08/03/2009 10:54 AM
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E. coli is a common bug which is present everywhere in the environment. Mostly it helps people to stay healthy, providing the body with many vitamins, such as vitamin K. But some strains - such as the 0157 strain - are potentially fatal.
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Eating disorders
12/20/2000 05:06 AM
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Eating disorders are responsible for the highest number of deaths from psychiatric illness.
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Ebola and other tropical viruses
09/12/2007 06:33 AM
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BBC News Online examines the facts behind terrifying outbreaks of haemorrhagic fevers in Africa and beyond.
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Ecstasy
02/08/2003 10:45 AM
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The dangers of the recreational drug Ecstasy are still not fully understood - and, as some tragic cases have proved, it can damage health.
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Ectopic pregnancy
02/08/2003 10:45 AM
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One of the most devastating complications of pregnancy is if the embryo starts to grow outside the womb - an ectopic pregnancy.
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Eczema
03/09/2006 12:51 PM
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US authorities have ruled two eczema creams should carry warnings that they may increase the risk of cancer.
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Electro-convulsive Therapy
12/20/2000 05:06 AM
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Once a commonly used - and controversial - treatment for a variety of mental problems, ECT still bears a stigma despite advances which have made it far safer and more effective.
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Emphysema
06/23/2008 09:45 AM
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Emphysema is a progressive lung condition which leaves sufferers struggling for breath.
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Encephalitis
09/29/1999 11:30 AM
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Insect-borne diseases are spreading around the world - find out about some of the most common infections.
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Endometriosis
02/28/2003 12:38 PM
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Endometriosis is a painful, chronic disease that is estimated to affect up to 25% of all women.
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Epilepsy
05/20/2003 12:57 PM
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Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder which causes fits. At any one time 300,000 people in the UK have active epilepsy.
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Epstein-Barr Virus
03/31/2003 10:36 AM
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) occurs world-wide and infects most people at some point in their lives.
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Erectile dysfunction
10/12/2004 07:00 AM
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Erectile dysfunction is the repeated inability to get or keep an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse.
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Exhaust emissions
05/06/1999 07:58 AM
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Vehicle emissions can have a serious impact on health.
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Laser Eye Surgery
07/04/2005 09:56 AM
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An explanation of the surgical procedure intended to reduce a person's dependency on glasses or contact lenses.
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Fat
02/10/2009 02:19 AM
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Fat is an essential part of the diet, but lots of people eat more fat than they need or is good for them.
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Female genital mutilation
12/23/1998 07:00 AM
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The cultural and religious practice of female circumcision is a health hazard that maims and kills young women across the world.
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Female sexual dysfunction
02/08/2003 10:48 AM
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Inadequate sexual function in women is a complex problem that can have many different causes.
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Fibromyalgia
02/09/2005 12:53 PM
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Fibromyalgia is a condition which causes widespread pain and severe fatigue.
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Flu
01/10/2006 11:49 AM
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Flu and its complications can kill, but most healthy people can shake it off in a few days.
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Food additives
10/06/1999 08:56 AM
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The possible health risks of food additives are the subject of fierce controversy among experts.
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Glaucoma
01/22/2004 05:27 PM
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BBC News Online examines what causes glaucoma and how it is treated.
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Goldenhar Syndrome
03/05/2002 05:39 AM
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The rare Goldenhar Syndrome leaves babies with an underdeveloped face and is thought to affect just 75 children in the UK.
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Group B streptococcus infection
09/01/2006 01:01 PM
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Group B streptococcus is the most common cause of life-threatening infections in newborn babies in the UK.
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Guillain-Barré Syndrome
12/05/2001 05:52 AM
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Guillain-Barré Syndrome is a frightening and disabling disease which strikes suddenly, sometimes with devastating effect.
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Hayfever
06/24/2003 06:41 AM
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How can it be avoided? And what causes it in the first place? BBC News Online investigates.
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Hot weather risks
06/29/2009 08:09 AM
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Hot weather is affecting the UK. While most enjoy the summer sun, high temperatures can pose a significant risk to health.
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Hepatitis B
05/10/2005 02:30 AM
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Hepatitis B is the most common serious liver infection in the world. It is thought to be the leading cause of liver cancer.
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Hepatitis C
10/25/2005 07:21 AM
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Hepatitis C is a virus which can cause serious liver problems.
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Hernia
03/11/2003 06:57 AM
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Prince Charles is far from alone in needing an operation to repair a hernia. It is the commonest male operation performed in the UK, with the NHS performing over 100,000 hernia repairs every year.
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Heroin
02/08/2003 10:48 AM
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Heroin use is on the increase. There are about 40,000 registered addicts in the UK, but the real figure could be four times that number. Customs seizures are also at a record high.
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HIV
02/27/2006 12:41 PM
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HIV has killed millions of people world-wide since it was first identified as a threat to public health more than 20 years ago.
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Human growth hormone
06/23/1998 05:23 AM
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Human growth hormone (HGH) has been helping stunted children in the UK to grow normally since 1959.
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Human Papilloma Virus
08/26/1999 05:30 AM
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Human papilloma viruses or HPVs are a group of more than 80 different types of virus, including those that cause genital warts. BBC News Online looks at what they are and what they do.
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Hypertension
02/23/2006 07:37 AM
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Hypertension, or high blood pressure, can lead to serious complications, including heart attacks.
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Hypothermia
02/10/1999 10:45 AM
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Exposure to the cold is estimated to cause 30,000 deaths a year in the UK. Hypothermia is one of the most deadly cold-induced conditions.
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Hysterectomy
02/12/2007 12:18 PM
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A hysterectomy is a major surgical procedure, involving removal of the uterus.
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Infant fever
06/02/1999 07:15 AM
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Many babies suffer from fever, but only rarely is it something to worry about.
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Irritable bowel syndrome
09/01/2006 12:33 PM
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Irritable bowel syndrome is a common and painful disorder about which relatively little is still known.
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IVF
10/24/2008 12:59 PM
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Around 6,000 babies a year are born in the UK to otherwise infertile couples as a result of in vitro fertilisation.
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Infectious disease
06/17/1999 12:37 PM
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Malaria is a public health problem in some 90 countries, and causes between 1.5 and 2.7 million deaths world-wide each year.
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Japanese encephalitis
03/30/1999 06:32 AM
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Japanese encephalitis is a disease caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes - in severe cases it leads to a deadly inflammation of the brain.
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Kidney failure
10/15/2001 10:29 AM
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Kidney failure is a serious disease which can have a major impact on life, and can ultimately be fatal. However, it can be successfully treated.
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Knee cartilage
12/12/2003 05:16 AM
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The Queen is to undergo a minor operation to remove torn cartilage in her knee for the second time in less than a year. BBC News Online examines the problem.
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Knee injuries
02/08/2003 10:48 AM
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The knee injury suffered by Ruud van Nistelrooy is typical of those suffered by footballers, as BBC News Online discovers.
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Legionnaires' disease
02/08/2003 10:48 AM
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Legionnaires' Disease is a severe form of pneumonia caused by a bacteria that contaminates water supplies. It can be fatal.
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Leprosy
09/07/1998 08:58 AM
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Leprosy is a painful condition which, although curable, can leave sufferers deformed and crippled if left untreated.
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Lupus
03/14/2006 11:58 AM
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Lupus is a disease that can affect many parts of the body and occurs when the immune system - the body's natural defence against infections - goes wrong.
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Lyme disease
10/06/1999 11:37 AM
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A tick-borne disease which can cause severe joint problems is becoming more prevalent in Europe. BBC News Online has the facts about Lyme disease.
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Lymphatic filariasis
11/14/2006 07:25 AM
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Lymphatic Filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, is a severely disfiguring disease which affects 120m around the world.
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Malaria
02/08/2003 10:48 AM
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Malaria kills over a million people a year and is second only to tuberculosis in its threat to world health.
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Marburg virus
04/04/2005 05:54 AM
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The Marburg virus has killed more than 140 people in a major outbreak in Angola
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Meningitis and septicaemia
01/22/2004 12:03 PM
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Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain lining and is mostly found in bacteria and viruses - the bacterial form is the more life-threatening.
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Menopause
09/23/1999 10:05 AM
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The facts about the menopause and the devastating consequences of premature menopause.
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Menstrual problems
03/20/2006 09:29 AM
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Menstrual problems are one of the four most common reasons why women of a reproductive age see their GP.
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Methadone
02/22/2000 10:48 AM
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Methadone is used as a way to wean addicts off heroin, but can be addictive itself.
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Migraine
09/03/1999 02:21 PM
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Migraine is a debilitating condition characterised by severe headaches and a range of other physical symptoms which affects approximately 10% of the UK population.
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Miners' lung disease
03/26/1999 05:50 AM
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A lifetime of breathing in coal dust can put miners at risk of developing respiratory diseases like pneumoconiosis and emphysema.
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Minor strokes
10/08/1999 07:03 AM
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Minor strokes can cause temporary weakness or numbness in an arm or leg, or may be warning signs preceding a major stroke.
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Motor neurone disease
08/20/2001 05:13 AM
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Motor neurone disease is a progressive fatal condition that causes muscle wastage.
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MRSA 'superbugs'
02/24/2005 06:25 AM
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BBC News Online examines what we can do about MRSA, the so-called "superbug" scourge of the wards.
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Multiple sclerosis
06/05/2006 09:57 AM
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Multiple sclerosis is an incurable degenerative disease that attacks the central nervous system. Drugs are available to treat the symptoms but they are very expensive, and not universally available on the NHS.
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Mumps
05/13/2005 04:55 AM
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Mumps is a viral infection that most make an easy recovery from but can, rarely, lead to severe complications.
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Muscular dystrophy
02/09/2005 11:29 AM
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Article about the different types of muscular dystrophy
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Myalgic encephalomyelitis
10/24/2008 11:11 AM
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Myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome has only been recognised by doctors in recent years after originally being dismissed as 'yuppie flu'.
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Nosebleeds
01/25/1999 09:01 AM
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Nosebleeds are more often annoying than a serious health threat, although they can indicate the presence of other underlying illnesses.
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Q&A: Obesity
03/17/2006 12:40 PM
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Obesity is a major issue around the world, and as more and more people put on excess weight it is a problem that is only likely to get worse.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
12/20/2000 05:06 AM
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is an anxiety disorder in which the sufferer is compelled to undertake bizarre and upsetting behaviour in response to irrational thoughts or images.
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Osteoporosis
07/08/2005 08:25 AM
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Osteoporosis - a gradual weakening of the bones - affects one in three women and one in 12 men, and is on the increase among the young.
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Ovary grafting
09/23/1999 08:18 AM
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BBC News Online examines the possibilities, benefits and potential drawbacks of the world's first 'ovary graft' operation.
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Oxygen injury therapy
02/08/2003 10:48 AM
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Rally driver Colin McRae is reputed to have used a pressurised oxygen treatment to speed his recovery from injury.
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Pancreatitis
05/01/2009 12:32 PM
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Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammatory condition which can cause severe symptoms.
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Parkinson's Disease
03/13/2003 12:33 PM
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Parkinson's Disease afflicts the nervous system. It is incurable, but the symptoms can be managed.
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Q&A: Passive smoking
10/18/2004 10:46 AM
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BBC News Online examines the evidence on the health risks of breathing in other people's tobacco smoke.
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Pasteurellosis
08/21/2006 05:57 AM
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What is rabbit flu and how can it infect humans?
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Peptic Ulcer Disease
03/04/2009 11:24 AM
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Peptic ulcer disease is a condition associated with a break in the lining of either the stomach or portion of the small intestine, known as the duodenum.
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Personality disorder
10/13/1999 12:46 PM
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To many people, personality disorder conjures up images of violence and fear, but doctors are undecided about who has a disorder, let alone how to treat it.
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Pesticides
02/08/2003 10:52 AM
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Pesticides have been associated with everything from cancer and infertility to Gulf War syndrome and eye abnormalities, but solid evidence proving a link has been thin on the ground.
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Plague
08/03/2009 04:50 AM
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Plague killed millions of people in Europe in the Middle Ages, when it was also known as the Black Death.
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Pneumonia
06/06/2007 03:57 AM
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Pneumonia is a common respiratory disease, and kills around one in 20 people who contract it.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder
12/20/2000 05:06 AM
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Those recovering from a traumatic event - such as a school shooting or a major crash - are at risk of severe psychological harm.
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Premature babies
11/10/2003 05:32 AM
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BBC News Online examines the risks associated with a premature birth.
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Prion diseases
08/18/1999 07:59 AM
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Prion diseases are all fatal and include the new variant of CJD - the brain disorder thought to be caused by eating BSE-infected beef.
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Prozac
01/21/1999 06:30 AM
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The anti-depressant drug Prozac has transformed millions of lives since it was launched in the 1980s, but it is not the miracle that some claim.
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Pre-Menstrual Syndrome
05/21/1999 06:22 AM
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Pre-Menstrual syndrome is a potentially debilitating cluster of up to 150 symptoms that affects up to a half of all women between the ages of 20 and 50.
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Psoriasis
03/09/2006 01:00 PM
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A plant extract could signal a breakthrough in the treatment of a skin condition blighting the lives of one million sufferers in the UK.
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Radiation sickness
10/06/1999 12:15 PM
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Exposure to radiation can cause devastating and long-lasting damage to the body's tissues.
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Radon
06/28/1999 10:35 AM
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Radon is a gas that seeps into homes from radioactive rocks buried deep underground. If inhaled, it can cause cancer. Fortunately, it is easily dealt with.
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Refugee health
08/18/1999 05:19 AM
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A large displaced population - such as that fleeing ethnic cleansing in Kosovo - has to contend with health risks such as disease and exposure.
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Replantation surgery
11/30/1999 12:37 PM
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Surgeons can implant fingers to a healthy blood supply in the arm while they treat damaged hand tissue.
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Rohypnol: The date rape drug
02/04/1999 10:59 AM
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Rohypnol is a legitimate drug used in the short-term treatment of sleep disorders, but has been abused for more sinister purposes.
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Salt
03/22/2006 04:01 AM
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Salt is an essential component of a healthy diet, but many scientists believe too much can cause serious health problems such as stroke and heart disease.
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Schizophrenia
12/20/2000 05:06 AM
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Schizophrenia is a severe and complex mental illness with a wide range of symptoms.
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Self-harm
12/06/2004 01:15 PM
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People with a history of self-harm deliberately inflict injury upon themselves, for example, by cutting or burning themselves or taking an overdose.
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Sexually transmitted infections
06/11/2003 03:20 AM
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There has been a big increase in sexually transmitted diseases. BBC News Online provides details of the most common forms.
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Sickle cell anaemia
10/11/2007 03:42 AM
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People with sickle cell anaemia should be screened for a potentially fatal complication, scientists say.
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Single Sided Deafness
06/13/2003 12:47 PM
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Single Sided Deafness (SSD) is the complete hearing loss in one ear.
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Sleep disorders
05/18/2006 12:28 PM
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Trouble sleeping is a very common problem - and there are a variety of reasons why people can't get a sound night's rest.
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Smoke inhalation
08/08/2000 07:29 AM
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Inhaling hot smoke can have a devastating effect on the delicate tissues of the respiratory system.
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Smoking - the health effects
02/08/2003 10:52 AM
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Smoking is a greater cause of death and disability than any single disease, says the World Health Organisation
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Sudden death syndrome
08/19/1999 08:52 AM
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Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndrome is a disorder of the electrical system of the heart that can lead to the death of apparently healthy people without any warning.
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Tamoxifen
02/08/2003 10:52 AM
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Tamoxifen has made a name for itself as a treatment for breast cancer. But how does it work and what are the side-effects?
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Teenage drinking
07/06/2000 07:53 AM
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Doctors are worried about an apparent increase in the number of young teenagers who are drinking heavily.
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Tourette Syndrome
07/15/2003 08:47 AM
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Tourette Syndrome is a complex and debilitating neurological disorder which is estimated to affect about 1% of the population
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Tooth decay
06/04/2004 10:53 AM
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Tooth decay is one of the most common health complaints in the world.
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Tuberculosis
08/05/2008 08:24 AM
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Health officials are struggling to contain an outbreak of TB in Leicestershire. BBC News online examines a disease which is posing a growing threat around the world.
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Typhoid fever
12/30/2004 07:02 AM
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Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness which is common in many parts of the developing world.
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Ulcerative colitis
04/03/2009 05:39 AM
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Ulcerative colitis is one of two forms of inflammatory bowel disease, which typically affects the large bowel only.
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Vibration White Finger
01/22/1999 06:25 AM
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Vibration White Finger is one form of Raynaud's Disease which causes the extremities to turn white and become painful or numb.
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Vitamin B6
06/08/1998 08:22 AM
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More than one million people take vitamin B6 it to fight stress and increase energy. B6 is also used in conjunction with magnesium to treat autism.
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West Nile Disease
07/03/2003 05:39 AM
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West Nile Disease is a virus which is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito.
Last year alone it killed over 180 people in the States.
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Winter vomiting virus
01/22/2002 02:05 PM
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The winter vomiting virus causes unpleasant but non-fatal infections that last only a few days.
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